maternal/family history of cardiac disease


a known or newly diagnosed history of hypertension (high blood pressure)


preeclampsia (toxemia)


maternal metabolic diseases, including diabetes (both pregestational and gestational types)


infectious diseases (to include parvovirus, toxoplasmosis, hepatitis, HIV, and AIDS)


maternal/family history of renal, gastrointestional disease, and cystic fibrosis


an abnormal AFP (alpha fetoprotein) blood test (including the suspicion of a neural tube defect)


an abnormal triple screen (including the suspicion of a chromosomal abnormality such as Trisomy 21 [Down syndrome], Trisomy 13 or Trisomy 18)


multiple gestation (twins and higher order multiples)


poor past obstetrical history (to include past preterm deliveries, preterm labor, preterm cervical dilatation, premature rupture of membranes, repetitive pregnancy loss)


suspected abnormal fetal growth -- both macrosomia (a baby that is too large) or fetal growth restriction (a baby that is too small)


maternal lupus


red cell alloimmunization (Rh- mother sensitized to an Rh+ fetus)


the need for invasive fetal testing/procedures such as:
fetal blood sampling/transfusion or other type of in utero therapeutic procedure(s)
the need for chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis (amnio) for maternal age or other factors


a known/suspected fetal anomaly


the need for genetic counseling services


the need for antepartum fetal testing